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Decisional balance sheet
A decisional balance sheet or decision balance sheet is a tabular method for representing the pros and cons of different choices and for helping someone decide what to do in a certain circumstance. It is often used in working with ambivalence in people who are engaged in behaviours that are harmful to their health (for example, problematic substance use or excessive eating),〔; 〕 as part of psychological approaches such as motivational interviewing and those based on the transtheoretical model of change.
==Use and history==
The decisional balance sheet records the advantages and disadvantages of different options. It can be used both for individual and organisational decisions. The balance sheet recognises that both gains and losses can be consequences of a single decision. It might, for example, be introduced in a session with someone who is experiencing problems with their alcohol consumption with a question such as: "Could you tell me what you get out of your drinking and what you perhaps find less good about it?" Therapists are generally advised to use this sort of phrasing rather than a blunter injunction to think about the negative aspects of problematic behaviour, as the latter could increase psychological resistance.
An early use of a decisional balance sheet was by Benjamin Franklin. In a 1772 letter to Joseph Priestly, Franklin described his own use of the method, which is now often called the ''Ben Franklin method''.〔For examples of modern usage of the phrase "Ben Franklin method", see: ; 〕 It involves making a list of pros and cons, estimating the importance of each one, eliminating items from the pros and cons lists of roughly equal importance (or groups of items that can cancel each other out) until one column (pro or con) is dominant. Experts on decision support systems for practical reasoning have warned that the Ben Franklin method is only appropriate for very informal decision making: "A weakness in applying this rough-and-ready approach is a poverty of imagination and lack of background knowledge required to generate a full enough range and detail of competing considerations." Social psychologist Timothy D. Wilson has warned that the Ben Franklin method can be used in ways that fool people into falsely believing rationalisations that do not accurately reflect their true motivations or predict their future behaviour.
In papers from 1959 onwards, Irving Janis and Leon Mann coined the phrase ''decisional balance sheet'' and used the concept as a way of looking at decision-making.〔; ; Janis said that his balance sheet made "a considerable extension of psychological inquiry beyond the conventional discussions of decision-making" due to its novel inclusion of social, preconscious, and unconscious motives: 〕 James O. Prochaska and colleagues then incorporated Janis and Mann's concept into the transtheoretical model of change, widely used for facilitating behaviour change.〔 Research studies on the transtheoretical model suggest that, in general, for people to succeed at behaviour change, the pros of change should outweigh the cons before they move from the contemplation stage to the action stage of change.〔; 〕 Thus, the balance sheet is both an informal measure of readiness for change and an aid for decision-making.〔Les Greenberg noted that Janis and Mann's description of decisional conflict is similar to the idea of ''conflict splits'' in Gestalt therapy, and experiential techniques such as the ''two-chair dialogue'' technique are another way of resolving such conflict: 〕 One research paper reported that combining the decisional balance sheet technique with the implementation intentions technique was "more effective in increasing exercise behaviour than a control or either strategy alone."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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